Summary Details on Information Management

The report expects to address the issue of data the board inside Lanway. Data, may feel is the most significant asset any firm has, yet numerous organizations have no energy about the cost, worth or significance of the data they hold. By first laying out the means and discoveries of a data review completed inside the firm, ends are then attracted with regards to what measures ought to be taken so as to expand the viability of Lanways data utilization. The measures proposed are laid out in detail, with proposals of both equipment and programming. The report additionally builds up the requirement for data and for an organization data system †featuring the significance of adjusting such a procedure to the general field-tested strategy. Lanway Corporate Business Systems started exchanging 1985 from a little market slow down on Burnley advertise. Selling games just for the Spectrum scope of PCs (the most well known around then) it started to develop a normal client base. The firm proceeded along these lines, until 1991 where the presentation of the PC prompted an adjustment in item and business action. With the presentation of both new equipment and programming, Lanway was currently in a situation to produce and sell its own PC†s. By moving into its own premises, the firm was presently ready to make considerable net revenues by building and pre-designing a little scope of machines. Lanway started to exchange with different firms in 1994, so, all in all they had to grow both their current premises and staff. They additionally started to expand, moving into new regions, for example, organizing advancements, the web and increasingly particular equipment and programming. Lanway presently has a turnover of roughly 5 million and more than 40 staff, the two of which are relied upon to proceed in development. They fabricate around 200 PC†s every week, each extraordinary in model, make and particular. The organization classes itself in the clump fabricating section. At present, the firm can be part into 5 offices. Deals, Accounts, Networking, Repairs lastly Production or Workshop. The firm is totally organized utilizing a blend of Microsoftâ„ ¢ and Novellâ„ ¢ advances. Singular web access and email is accessible to all workers. All equipment and programming setup work is done in-house. Since the firm has developed in the way that it has, a significant number of the frameworks and capacities being used have developed from a base up style, instead of an increasingly vital top level methodology. Starting perceptions would recommend that data the board inside the firm doesn't vary from this. A data review is the appraisal of the data held by an office and of its data exercises. (Australian Audit Commission 1999). The motivation behind a data review is to evaluate, not just what types and levels of data a firm may hold, yet how well it addresses the issues of the organization. Various parts of data may as of now be controlled, for example, naming shows or security passwords, however as a rule firms have small comprehension of the importance, cost or estimation of the data they hold. Along these lines so as to guarantee that every important zone were secured, a proper arrangement was first drawn up. To guarantee that valuable ends could be drawn, the goals and extent of the review were evaluated. These included What sorts of data sources exist Formal documentation was then planned, so as to keep up a predictable topic by totally included. This also added to value of the discoveries. At long last an appraisal of the general discoveries was done, to guarantee that all irregularities and mixed up information could be represented. At exactly that point, in light of the discoveries were suggestions created. After examination of Lanways current working condition and business exercises, the accompanying data sources were recognized: Stock and Accounts database †kept up by a similar framework Information put away inside the messages went from value records, client account subtleties, late value statements and explicit item enquires. These were additionally joined with a scope of individual messages, both from interior and outside sources. Every representative, after beginning work was given a protected email box, from which they can send messages to both interior and outer sources. Each email box requires client confirmation, anyway arrange chairmen are conceded rights to open any letter box inside the framework. Here we promptly observe issues with respect to both data accessibility and security. Since just that client approaches the letter drop, no other worker can get to, what might be now and again basic data. Security and information uprightness is likewise undermined, as the email server additionally goes about as the firewall server, and as such is available to web assaults. It is likewise at the workers tact whether they wish to erase messages put away inside their inbox, messages which may demonstrate later to hold significant or even basic data. When an email has been erased, it is practically difficult to recover it. Lanway depend intensely on the web and the highlights it conveys. This incorporates organization item determinations, item bolster locales, personal colleague assets, online databases and current news data. Lanway likewise have direct connects to providers by means of the World Wide Web, consequently making different extranets. Each departmental administrator inside Lanway classed the web inside their three most significant assets. This in itself shows the significance of the job it plays in today†s business showcase. For firms, for example, Lanway, it is the quickest and most proficient method of acquiring up to the date and precise (in the most part) data and offers the best cost/advantage exchange off. Anyway the web carries with it, from an instructive view point, a large group of inborn issues and issues. Lanway, in the same way as other different firms experiences this. As a rule, staff were unconscious of a considerable lot of these, and as such the nature of data endured. The precision of the data got is on the most part never checked, and sometimes was then put away to be utilized for future reference. No rules exist with respect to whether just authority sites were to be utilized, nor had any preparation be given on successfully utilizing the web itself. Nobody data store was accessible, in which staff could spare information gathered, for example, URL†s or item catalogue†s, and now and again, staff didn't know extranet offices existed. In that capacity, every individual worker held their own particular thoughts and data on utilizing the web and by and large time was squandered performing redundant errands and recovering copy data. By and by, in light of the fact that the sharing of data was negligible, the speed and exactness of the information got was enormously diminished. Both of the above databases are put away on the SAGE framework and as such are incorporated. The stock framework contains records of things at present in stock, yet in addition past buys, dates and times with respect to stock control and pattern examination information. The records framework contains all information worried about keeping up and running the organization accounts, joined with organization finance and deals exchanges. In contrast to the past stores, data held inside these frameworks isn't intended to be shared. To get to every territory the client must have the necessary degree of power. This is basically for security and protection reasons †ie. Just certain individuals from staff can be offered access to finance. Data held inside the two frameworks is basic to the running of the business, without it is outlandish for any business movement to occur. All the information held inside the framework keeps up it legitimacy and respectability since it is the fundamental value-based framework inside the firm. The database is at present gotten to utilizing a Bespoke application worked in house called COSMOS, utilizing access database tables as its base. The program requires client verification, anyway all client names and passwords are put away in an entrance database table which can be opened legitimately from the system drive. As such security inside the framework is negligible. The framework has been being used for more than 8 years and indeed experiences a base up approach structure. The exactness of the information is undermined in light of the fact that no conventional checks or rules exist regarding what might be entered in to the framework. The security perspective additionally helps to expand this issue. Copy records and irregularities are basic spot. The age of the framework additionally prevents its openness. Albeit each representative is allowed get to, many discover the framework inclined to crashes or wrong record recovery, again a period squandering movement. A few deals officials said they utilized their individual Outlook address book to keep their record data, the principle reasons being sped up, unwavering quality and security. All workers of Lanway are given individual organizers on the principle Novellâ„ ¢ server. Utilizing a propelled arrangement of confirmation, just that worker may get to their envelope. Different clients organizers are avoided see acknowledge to framework overseers. All word delicate reports are put away on in this organizer, specialized staff store item data and basic applications here. Representatives are â€Å"advised† to store all other significant archives here as the framework is sponsored up all the time. The precision of the information put away inside here isn't of genuine outcome to the firm, more to the individual representative, who in themselves are liable for the undertaking. Be that as it may, indeed the issue of data accessibility turns into an issue. For specialized staff, significant data and applications are concealed away from different individuals, while deals staff can't access partners cites whenever required without the help of a manager. All system executives are consistently out of the workplace on client callouts.

Good transportation Essay Example for Free

Great transportation Essay Of the considerable number of nations of the earth, there are created and creating nations. Of the created countries, one of them stands apart as the superpower: it is the United States of America, the spot of unfastened individuals or more than one race safeguarding the mental stability of their condition, and stretching out her positive attitude to different countries that need them. It is the pioneer of different nations in military force and quality. US of America is comprised of numerous states that run a popularity based arrangement of government, which frames the western civilisation that individuals talk about. This country is an incredible country, and I like it. My central matter through this article is that this nation is superior to other people. I do have explanations behind this subject. I don't feel that there is any country that is more noteworthy than America; it is superior to different nations in numerous regards. Let me start with one of them: the individuals are acceptable. Americans are individuals of more than one race: there are Hispanics, Black-American, and from different countries of the earth. In the event that the individuals of America are not neighborly, they would not be pleasing to everybody. They are prepared to help when you are out of luck. Furthermore, they additionally acknowledge great individuals, abilities and relationship. I am glad about this: that is the reason I state that they are acceptable individuals. In addition, the individuals are open, clear and true. I have seen these characteristics as great and lovely since I showed up in America. It is a great idea to be decent. Aside from the great connections you can work with Americans since they are pleasant, the instruction framework is likewise acceptable. There are numerous schools, secondary schools and universities, and they show the understudies and understudies quite well. That is the reason numerous individuals from different pieces of the world come to America to study and they come back to improve their nation. There are likewise inquire about organizations that do studies to improve things on the planet. They produce numerous new things that are valuable all over the place. This is another explanation I like USA. There is likewise request. I accept this is so in light of the fact that to screen can function admirably. This request is appeared by individuals when they obey traffic rules. In any event, when the Police isn't anywhere near, individuals pause and obey rules. This isn't the circumstance in different nations of the world. I have been dazzled about this a ton. This efficiency has made it conceivable to shield individuals from haters of opportunity. The transportation framework is additionally excellent: the street doesn't have port openings; it doesn't normally have traffic; aside from the street, the water and air transport frameworks are likewise acceptable. USA is the home of vote based system. Accordingly, there is practice of human rights. There is opportunity of religion, correspondence, and associations. You are allowed to make your assessment on any issues. This makes the spot excellent. As a Christian, I am not upset due to who I am. What's more, others can be Muslims, conventional admirers, and much different things. Individuals are allowed to do whatever they like accomplish for themselves. You can be gay, or lesbian. This is the degree of opportunity. You can even the Bill Gate and an incredible author. The great administration of USA is additionally generally excellent. There is opportunity to pick the ideal individual to lead you through a political decision. I prefer it as such on the grounds that you can see the individuals you like and make them lead you. This is acceptable too for a nation. This is the explanation different nations picked majority rule government. It additionally has a decent police power. There are some that react when you call 911. They act the hero you from issue you are confronting. Some are additionally out and about, they help to look after traffic. They stop the individuals who drive to quick, and can charge them to court. The Police is additionally searching for lawbreakers, and they need to get them and charge to court. This police have people, and they cooperate well. There is likewise a gathering that reacts to riots. Aside from the security here, there is additionally the military. They go to wars like Afghanistan, Iraq. They help to shield the huge nation from those that need to attack without notice. This is something else why America is extraordinary. Great transportation, government, pleasant individuals, difficult work police, the military, request is wherever in America. This is the reason America is the best and I like it.

How to Select Best Writing Service

How to Select Best Writing Service Tips for Choosing the Best Writing Service Home›Informative Posts›Tips for Choosing the Best Writing Service Informative PostsWhen you get a college writing assignment, you have only two options: to spend several hours trying to write the paper on your own or to get your assignment done by some writing service. While those students who don’t have a part-time job and are able to allocate most of their time to studying are completely fine with the first option, there are other students who, for whatever reason, simply don’t have enough time to write their paper by themselves. Thus, they have to turn to professionals who can complete their assignment quickly and at high quality standards. These days, you can find a great number of writing services online. But how do you choose the best writing service?Things to consider when looking for the best writing service:PricingThe vast majority of students do not have big sums of extra money, which they can spend on whatever they want, like paying for their writing assignment. That is why affordability of writing services is what you should always take into consideration. Remember, you don’t need the best writing service ever; you need the best writing service for you. Some services might charge a high price claiming that your paper will be written by a Pulitzer Prize winner, but does it really matter to you? As long as your paper is of high quality and delivered on time, you don’t really care who wrote it. So there’s no need to overpay.Looking where to BUY AN ESSAY?Save your time and money! Use QualityCustomEssays.com professionals service to get an A+ paper Place an order get 15%offfor your first orderFeedbackOne of the most convenient ways to find out about the quality of basically any product or service is to read reviews of people who have already tried it. That is why the best writing service is not afraid to allow their customers leave feedback on their official web-site or elsewhere. However, you ha ve to look through the comments section very carefully: if all the comments are positive and sound alike and a bit unnatural, it’s likely that they are fake.Language CompetenceWhen you are searching for the best writing service, you need to know whether your paper will be written by a native speaker or not. Many writing companies use the services of foreign writers, since they don’t have to pay them as much as they would have to pay to native speakers. Very often, it results in poor grammar, inappropriate use of the vocabulary and various stylistic mistakes. And you don’t want to pay for a low-quality work, do you?All in all, in order to find the best writing service, you need to make sure that their price policy corresponds to the quality of the services they provide. Also, you should always pay attention to the feedback provided by the service’s previous customers.

Civil Disobedience Martin Luther King David Thoreau LA...

Civil Disobedience On April 29, 1992, the City of Los Angeles was surrounded in a riot in response to the quot;not guiltyquot; verdicts in the trial of four white Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers accused of unlawfully beating Rodney King. Six days later, when the fires were finally extinguished and the smoke had cleared, â€Å"estimates of the material damage done vary between about $800 million and $1 billion, 54 people had been killed, more than 2000 injured, in excess of 800 structures were burned, and about 10,000 people were arrested.†(Khalifah 89) The 1992 riots in the City of Los Angeles were arguably the most devastating civil disturbance in the history of the United States. Anyone can say that a law is unfair and†¦show more content†¦Thoreau also peacefully served his time. Both men knew the consequences for their actions yet went along and committed the crime. Their crimes were not vengeful or harmful against a living soul. While LA Riot often been characterized as a race riot, involving mass law-breaking, including looting and arson. â€Å"The riot was as much about empty bellies and broken hearts as it was about police batons and Rodney King.†(97 Davis) However, their crimes were statements stating that the government cannot make anyone goes against his or her beliefs. Martin Luther King and Henry David Thoreau both believed that one should stand up for what he believes in, as wells as accepting the consequences for his actions. Even though they also had different views about what makes law just or unjust. First of all, â€Å"Martin Luther King believed that a law that is just should be square with the moral law or the law of God.†(____) This basically means a law should pertain to the Ten Commandments according to the bible. He also thought â€Å"an unjust law was one that was inflicted on to a minority who did not even have the right to vote for this law in the first place.†(____) Thoreau is basically rallying for the absence of government in the lives of the citizens. He believed that everyone should govern himself. He also believed that â€Å"no one should have to ride on the shoulders of the government, but inste ad rely on himself.†(____) He thought people should treat other people the way theyShow MoreRelatedCivil Disobedience Martin Luther King David Thoreau La Riot1146 Words   |  5 PagesCivil Disobedience On April 29, 1992, the City of Los Angeles was surrounded in a riot in response to the not guilty verdicts in the trial of four white Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers accused of unlawfully beating Rodney King. Six days later, when the fires were finally extinguished and the smoke had cleared, estimates of the material damage done vary between about $800 million and $1 billion, 54 people had been killed, more than 2000 injured, in excess of 800 structures were

Essay Example on Bhagavad Gita

Bhagavad Gita and the Problem of Evil Introduction Bhagavad Gita is the holy scripture in Hinduism and it is considered to be one of the most important work pieces in this religion. This book is believed to contain the advice given by Lord Krishna to Arjuna in the battle of Kurukshetra. Lord Krishna is one of the incarnations of Vishnu, a supreme deity in Hinduism and he is known to have helped the Pandavas or the good people win over the Kauravas or the bad people in the Battle of Kurukshetra. During this battle, one of the Pandava brothers, Arjuna, is confused about his role and why he should fight the battle at all. This is why Lord Krishna advises him about the good winning over the evil and the role that Arjuna should play in the same. The Bhagavad Gita is a compilation of several pieces of advice given by the Lord. It comprises of many aspects that include how one should live a perfect life, what is the meaning of God, what is good and evil, why is there good and ad in this world and what will prevail, what is the purpose of birth and how can one reach God. Out of these several aspects enshrined in Bhagavad Gita, this paper will focus on the problem of evil. It will specifically dwell on whether evil was condemned at all in the Gita and if so how. Background Dharma is the starting point of Bhagavad Gita and it simply means righteousness in every action. During the incarnation of Vishnu as Lord Krishna, the Bharatha dynasty in India, the largest and the most prominent one, was having problems with its successors. There were two brothers, Dhrutharashtra and Pandu. The former was blind and had 100 sons called Kauravas while the latter died early with five sons. In the Hindu tradition, the eldest son was the throne successor which meant the eldest son of Pandu was the heir to the throne. Dhrutharashtras oldest son Duryodhana was the jealous and evil and conspired against his cousins to get to the throne. To solve this problem, Pandavas and Kauravas went to war (Hridyananda dasa, 2013). Evil in Bhagavad Gita At the beginning of the battle, Arjuna argues that he cannot fight with others as this amounts to injustice to the others. He contends that the men standing to fight have families and children and it is wrong for him to kill these men. To appease Arjuna and to motivate him to fight, Lord Krishna delivers his sermon. Killing Another Human Being Interestingly, Lord Krishna does not justify Arjunas claim at all. He does not think that it is wrong to kill another person even after knowing that the death of that soldier would have a negative impact on his family. In those days, women were not allowed to work and therefore, by killing the breadwinner, the entire family is disrupted. Lord Krishnas argument that the Kauravas are evil are also unfounded. Every person is created by God which means there is no person who deserves to be punished because he is evil. Through his sermon, the Lord justifies punishing the evil when on the contrary, he should be taking steps to protect them. In Chapter 9, Verse 18, He says that He is the master, refuge, guardian and well-wisher. If this is the case, then how can it be justified to harm or even kill those who commit mistakes. On the contrary, should the Lord not take steps to protect His every child from harm? For this, the Lord has responded in the fourth chapter that talks about He appears in the world when the amount of evil (adharma) begins to overtake the good (Dharma). He explained that every act and thought comes from Him and everything in the world happens for a reason. He gave four reasons why Arjuna should fight in the war. He said that the â€Å"embodied self is immortal and it is not destroyed when the body is destroyed (12-25), what is born must die again and what dies must be born again (26-9), it is the duty of the princely (kshatriya) class to fight in a just war (31-3) and Arjuna would lose face in backing out of the battle at the last moment and would be accused of cowardice (34-7)† (Zaehner, 1973, p.121). Lord Krishna also said that evil cannot be avoided and in a war, it is both tragic and honorable for the warrior, therefore Arjuna should fight (Easwaran, no date). He also contended that He is everything and everywhere. Like an efficient government that creates laws and implements them, it is also the Lords duty to implement His rules of righteousness on Earth. When the obedience to this law wanes, He has to come down to protect and uphold it for the benefit of humanity and their future sustenance. The Lord further said that the reason for the existence of such evil people and their eventual death goes to show to the rest of the world as well as for posterity that humans should abide by certain philosophical and ethical laws. Otherwise, they will perish too. For this reason, he contended that He brings evil into this world and makes them get killed by the good. Heaven or Hell The Hindu religion believes in life after death. The followers of this religion believe that the actions they commit during their lifetime will decide if they will go to heaven or hell. After their karma is exhausted, they are born on earth again. Their actions in the past life will determine to a large extent their next life. In others, the good or bad karma committed during one lifetime will carry on to others as well until all the bad karma is exhausted. When this happens, the soul ultimately reaches the Lord. In this light of this belief, how is it possible that Duryodhana, the oldest and the most evil of the Kauravas went to heaven and not hell. How is it possible that such an evil person who was directly and indirectly responsible for the death of thousands of men went to heaven? Should he not be punished for his evil acts by going to hell? Also, by sending him to heaven, was not the Lord sending the wrong message to the world? People will tend to assume that it is right to commit evil and they still have a chance to go to heaven just like Duryodhana. This is against all the established principles of righteousness. To counter these questions, Lord Krishna said that duty comes above everything else and anyone who fulfills his or her duty can enter the heaven. Accordingly, Duryodhana completed his duty as a warrior because he fought valiantly in the war. He did not shy away from the enemy and did not run away. For a person born in the warrior clan, the ultimate duty is to defend the country even if it means getting killed. In this regard, Duryodhana finished his duty with dignity and this earned him a place in heaven (Palshikar, 2013). Further, the Lord said that there is hope for anyone who commits evil provided he accepts his mistake and surrenders to Him. In Bhagvad Gita (Chapter 9, verse 30-31), He says that even if a man has misbehaved grossly, he has refuge provided he worships Me and is devoted to Me. When he does so, he attains the mind of a sage and gets everlasting peace in his mind. After this enlightenment, he will only commit good deeds and will eventually reach me. In other words, even the most evil person in the world can convert to a righteous person provided he is devoted to the Lord. Therefore, Duryodhana went to heaven because he fulfilled his duties and at the time of his death, he realized his folly. He surrendered himself to Lord Krishna and as a result, he went to heaven and not hell. From both these arguments, it is clear that Bhagavad Gita talks about how good will ultimately triumph the evil even though it might look like evil is having an upper hand. Relevance in Todays World The Bhagavad Gita opens with evil in the first stanza. It says that man has to discern between the good and the evil in everyday life and at the time of sleeping in the night, every person should ask whether this battle between good and bad was won. This saying is relevant in everyday life as well because human beings have to constantly discern between good and bad. There is an everlasting struggle between good and evil at the physical, emotional, psychological and philosophical levels. There is faith and doubt, pride and humility, spiritual and material desires, bravery and cowardice, truth and lies, happiness and sorrow and good and bad habits (Yogananda, 2013). Every person makes a conscious choice between the good and the bad aspects, depending on their respective circumstance, ability, need and upbringing. When they choose good over the evil, their life will e peaceful and this choice will take them one step closer to God. Conclusion Evil is one of the central themes of Bhagavad Gita because it was written as a result of the fight between the good Pandavas and the evil Kauravas. In this scripture, there are many aspects that look like evil was upheld, but in reality, it is only truth and good that won the battle. A deep analysis of the Bhagavad Gita reveals that the Lord is everywhere and conceives everything. He is the one who puts mankind in a particular situation to help people to learn something new. In this sense, He was the one who created good and bad people and made them fight because he wanted to uphold dharma or righteousness. The eventual goal is to teach humans for generations spanning through thousands of years that choosing the right way of life is the only way to have a good life. To teach this, the Lord descended as Krishna and abolished evil from this world. References Zaehner, Charles. The Bhagavad-Gita. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1973. Hridayananda dasa Goswami. Dharma in the Bhagavad Gita. Krishna.com. 2013. Yogananda, Paramahamsa. The Bhagavad Gita. Yogananda.com. 2013. Palshikar, Sanjay. Bhagavad Gita, Evil and the Practice of Finitude. New York: Taylor Francis Group. 2013. Yogiraj, Sriyukteshwar. Srimad Bhagavad Gita. California:iUniverse. 2004. Easwaran, Eknath. The Bhagavad Gita. Ooty: Nilgiri Press. No date. Mookherjee, Braja Dulal. The Essence of Bhagavad Gita. New Delhi: Academic Publishers. 2004.

Declining Fish Stock over-Fishing the World’s Oceans Free Essays

The world’s oceanic large fish populations are disappearing at an alarming rate and extinction is a growing concern. An estimated 90% are already gone and the situation will continue to get worse if drastic measures are not taken (University of Phoenix, 2007). Even though the fishing industry will suffer, conservation methods should be developed and enforced soon because large fish populations are endangered and their habitats are being destroyed. We will write a custom essay sample on Declining Fish Stock: over-Fishing the World’s Oceans or any similar topic only for you Order Now Various netting techniques not only deplete fish populations, but also destroy habitats for many of the ocean’s species including plants and animals. Growing world populations and commercial fishing have placed an overwhelming demand on the oceans. Drastic steps should be taken soon to allow fish populations to regenerate and to sustain the numbers necessary to maintain the oceans’ natural balance, and to feed the world’s growing human population. Steps should include conservation methods enforced by the United States (U. S. ) government, development of massive fish farms, and cooperation from other countries world-wide. Implementation of such measures will require active efforts from several organizations. According to Jeremy Jackson of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, the damage to the ocean is almost complete but can be reversed (Wiley, 2000-2009). In an effort to bring this issue to the forefront and gain support, a plan must be devised and presented to key groups. In developing the plan, certain action items must be developed and completed prior to presentation to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The NOAA and EPA are strong influences on governmental policy and the public. Action Item One Within nine months, research regarding the effects of over-fishing large fish populations in the world’s oceans will be conducted. Endangered species and habitats will be identified. Research facts and concerns regarding the current impact on the environment and effects of the continuation of practices will be documented. Commercial fishing techniques and their impact on fish populations and habitats will be outlined, along with other statists related to marketplace demands and commercial fishing industry economics. Research will also include conservation and sustainment statistics and other information to support new and innovative ideas regarding fish farming. Environmental issues related to fish farming will also be identified and addressed. Locations for fish farms and the resources needed will be detailed along with funding issues. Fishing industries and human populations that will be most impacted by the plan will also be identified. Action Item Two Within three months following the completion of the research portion of the plan, a presentation will be developed. The presentation will include the purpose of the presentation and the urgent need for action will be explained. The purpose of the presentation is to urge the NOAA and EPA to develop and implement the Healthy Oceans Act to improve and sustain the oceans. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, â€Å"A Healthy Oceans Act would provide a national vision for protecting, maintaining and restoring oceans while encouraging the development and implementation of local ocean plans†, (para. 10, n. d. ). Continuation of current practices and the lack of conservation efforts will result in devastating consequences. Industry changes will be addressed along with a plan for displaced workers. As part of the plan for fish farming, fisherman can be educated and relocated to areas where fish farms are developed and maintained. Fish farms will aid in marine repopulation efforts, provide jobs for displaced fishermen, and provide an alternative food source. Arnold (2009) states, â€Å"Some scientists say the answer is a massive growth of fish farming — a so-called â€Å"blue revolution† to help feed the planet† (para 2). Action Item Three In tandem with action item two, this action item will also be conducted due to the length of time it will take to pull together the target audience for viewing of the presentation and will be ongoing up to the scheduled date. The target audience includes key individuals from the NOAA, EPA, and various other environmental organizations in the U. S. These organizations are influential in Oceanic environmental issues, have much influence in local and global policies, and have far-reaching educational programs already in place. Action Item Four In month nine or when the date is set with NOAA and the EPA, informational packets and invitations will be created and distributed to key environmentalists to persuade them to attend. Names of key environmentalists will be identified and invitations sent through month 12. The addition of key individuals will serve two purposes. The first purpose is that they will bring to the meeting their experiences with local issues, financial concerns, and objections. The second reason is that they will be able to contribute their own ideas of how the implement the plan and what will work best in their areas. Action Item Five Prior to the meeting date, attendance and the location of the meeting will be confirmed. Reminders will be sent to all attendees along with pertinent information. Equipment will be assessed and the presentation completed. Objections to the plan will be anticipated and addressed in a question and answer session. Perception of the Plan and Effects The plan will include specific recommendations for placing at least 40% of the oceans off limits for the next 15 years (Natural Resources Defense Council, n. d. ). After 15 years the off limits zones will decrease to 30% and be maintained indefinitely. Environmentalists will see the necessity of the plan based upon the decreasing fish populations and degradation of habitats for other marine plants and animals. They will also be concerned about pollution generated by fish farms. Innovative ideas regarding the reduction of pollution will be presented. Commercial fishermen will be hurt the most and objections from industry fishermen will be strong. Fishermen have spent their lives fishing and with that in mind, opportunities for training, funding, and employment will be made available. Other Problems Caused by Commercial Fishing Commercial fisherman cause other problems to the marine populations by the way they catch fish. They catch many other animals unintentionally in their nets called â€Å"bycatch† (University of Phoenix, 2007). Additionally, they destroy many habitats by net-dragging and contribute to water pollution during their processes. Laws should be developed and enforced regarding bycatch and what should be done with the unintentional catch before they are destroyed in the process. Community Effects The creation of underwater parks or fish farms will create more jobs in coastal communities and for displaced fishermen. Lifestyles changes will affect fishermen the most and perhaps they will realize a financial loss on expensive equipment. Additionally, many of the areas where their fishing has been successful will be made off limits which will also cause financial losses.? University of Phoenix. (2007). Declining Fish Stock VLR. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from University of Phoenix, Week Six, SCI/275 – Water Resource Plan. John Wiley ; Sons, Inc. (2000-2009). Visualizing Environmental Science, Chapter 11. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from University of Phoenix, Week Six, SCI/275 – Water Resource Plan. Arnold, Chris. (2009). Feeding the World with Deep-Sea Fish Farms. NPR. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=5291579 Natural Resources Defense Council. (n. d. ). Reviving Our Oceans. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from http://www. nrdc. org/water/oceans/policy. asp How to cite Declining Fish Stock: over-Fishing the World’s Oceans, Papers

Nature vs. Culture in Odyssey Essay Example For Students

Nature vs. Culture in Odyssey Essay The imagination of nature and civilization connects every scene from Book 9 to Book 12 in Odyssey. On the land of Cyclopes. Odysseus’s brush with the one-eyed barbarian giant unveils Odysseus’s inventiveness as a civilised human being ; Nevertheless. Odysseus finally fails to get the better of the defect of human characteristic. as he tells Polyphemus about his existent mortal individuality when he is sailing off. which finally brings Poseidon’s retaliation to Achaeans. At one point human civilisation Teachs Odysseus the accomplishment of utilizing wooden staff and vino to contend with Polyphemus’s strength. but the nature of world power can easy excel human beings’ wisdom. When Circe in Book 11 turns Odysseus’s work forces into hogs. when the blind prophesier Tiresias foretells Odysseus’s destiny. and when Zeus punishes Odysseus with another storm. Odysseus and his work forces are powerless but accept their fate. The struggle between nature and civilization connects humans’ universe with gods’ universe. therefore makes every narrative interesting to follow as barbarian animals possess human features and civilised human existences possess â€Å"limited† world power. For illustration. in book 10. when Circe turns Odysseus’s work forces into hog. Odysseus can merely overmaster Circe by following Hermes’ direction: â€Å"Take this herb. which is one of great virtuousness. and maintain it about you when you go to Circe’s house. it will be a amulet to you against every sort of mischief† ( Book X. 54 ) . When Odysseus â€Å"rushed at her with blade drawn† . Odysseus is in a place where he is even able to get the better of the power of an immortal animal. Both Polyphemus and Circe represent the power of nature. as their universe does non hold any jurisprudence or morality. while odysseus’s journey represents the power of civilization. as the adult male of civilization lickings powerful immortal animals through inventiveness and temperateness.

Assassination essays

Assassination essays Today, in the early afternoon, the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdianand and his wife were assassinated. The culprit, a young man named Cavrilo Princip has been captured by authorities. Last night, Archduke Franz Ferdianand, heir to the Austrian throne, prepared for his visit to Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia. The visit to Sarajevo was going against the strongest advice of his superiors, mostly because, today, June 28, 1914, is a Serbian national holiday. They gave him this advice because Austrian nationalists viewed his visit as an unwelcome reminder of the occupation of Austria. The Archduke had been warned about a planned assassination attempt against himself, but he would not be deterred. This morning before he left to go to the city, he watched army maneuvers, which he hoped would better prepare him for any emergency that presented itself later in the day. We followed the Archdukes six-car cavalcade on its well-publicized route towards the city. As we approached the city, a small bomb was hurled by one of the so-called assassins. As the bomb landed it exploded, injuring one of the drivers, who was later hospitalized for his injuries. The brave Archduke finally awoke to how serious the situation was and finally took some precautions. He changed both the routes and times of the future ceremonies. He found a replacement driver, but the driver was never informed of the changes. When the cavalcade departed, all of the cars drove off except for the one carrying the Archduke. The unfortunate incident happened when the driver went to reverse he backed into one of the assassins. Cavrilo Princip slowly and calmly stepped onto the cars side running boards and shot the Archduke and the Archduchess pointblank. Princip was captured by the authorities and will be put on trial at a later date. ...

The eNotes Blog Education for All How Coursera is Quietly Changing the Face ofAcademia

Education for All How Coursera is Quietly Changing the Face ofAcademia How would you like to listen to lectures and participate in assignments and discussions led by professors from Stanford, Princeton, the University of Michigan, and the University of Pennsylvania, without the crushing costs of top university fees? A new start-up named Coursera is offering just that. Completely free to anyone who signs up, Coursera boasts hundreds of courses in over three dozen categories of study, everything from computer science to literature. The impetus for the start-up company was formed when Professor Andrew Ng of Stanford University offered his machine-learning class to the entire world for free and over 100,000 people signed up. What sets Coursera offerings apart from other lectures that have been made available to the general public is the fact that you can actually participate and gauge your success just like students who are indeed enrolled in these top tier institutions. Coursera participants are assigned homework and are given assessments, Ng explains. Discussions are monitored by teaching assistants, other students and the professors. Quizzes are scored online. Thousands have succeeded in passing   the classes offered. While you do not accrue credit for these classes, you do have the satisfaction of studying with the best of the best. Coursera was formed after Ngs first online machinery class. He then teemed up with fellow Stanford professor Daphne Koller to bring the now-hundreds of courses to the general public. So far, two venture capitalists have invested $15 million dollars in the company. So what will you choose? Modern and Contemporary American Poetry from the University of Pennsylvania with Professor Al Filreis? How about A History of the World Since 1300 from Princeton with Professor Jeremy Aldeman? Or maybe Game Theory from Stanford with Professor Matthew O. Jackson and Professor Yoav Shoham strikes your fancy? See the entire list of course offerings here. You can listen to the NPR report about Coursera here.   See you in class!

Learning Team Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Paper Essay

Learning Team Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Paper - Essay Example Therefore, marketers are supposed to understand the needs and desires of consumers for the smooth running of the process. For a business to be successful, it has to understand consumer behavior; hence, it has to satisfy consumer needs. Marketing can be related to advertising, and in many occasion they are used interchangeably to mean the same thing. For a business organization to get customers and persuade them to buy its goods and services, is an extremely challenging task. This is because the market is an extremely competitive place, and for consumers demand to know the quality, of the product or service for which they exchange their money. Giving free samples of products to customers to try out tremendously influence their behavior towards that product. Therefore, in order to persuade more customers to buy their products, a company has to come up with a budget that includes free samples with the aim of influencing customers to buy their goods. Moreover, to include free samples in their budget is one way of avoiding losses instead of making a profit at the end. Market is influenced by various consumer characteristics, which include sex, age, gender, location and income. This is because consumers are both male and female, whose products are different. Age is also another factor that a company should consider as consumers have different purchasing desire as they belong to different scopes in society; hence a company has to put its business that in a location that attractive a group of people (Rajagopal, 2007). The theory of consumer behavior allows marketers and consumers to persuade the spending routines of consumers, changing their impressions about a product that leads to the purchase of that product. In addition, the theory creates new ideas in the consumer’s mind as well as inspiring them to buy that product. Consumer behavior is an

Uninvolved Parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Uninvolved Parents - Essay Example The essay "Uninvolved Parents" overviews the categories of parents behavior with their children – authoritarian, permissive, authoritative or uninvolved, though concentrating on the uninvolved one. Some of these categories have a positive effect in molding the character of children, and others less so, but none of these is as destructive to children as uninvolved parents. Uninvolved parents are completely uninterested in the welfare of their children, and they are dismissive and non-caring. They disregard their children completely as far as the emotional attachment is concerned. Sometimes, they event neglect the basic needs of their children when it comes to their wishes vs. their children. My childhood and teenage are a story filled with exactly this – neglect, exploitation, and even abuse, mental, physical as well as sexual. My parents inherited big through the death of my grandfather, which made them go into the drugs business. They became addicts themselves and dealt in drugs through the home. They even forced me and my sister to tend to the dealers that came by the house for the drugs. There was a lot of money that my parents inherited, but we still had no running water, no electricity, no food, tons of roaches, and fleas in our house. Our drugged parents were totally detached from our well-being. We had no value in their lives. All my father did be scaring us and using us. Not only did we deal with physical beatings but also we had to endure our father’s sexual abuse.

Organizational Structure And Function Of Johnson Johnson Commerce Essay

Organizational Structure And Function Of Johnson Johnson Commerce Essay Like other multinational companies, Johnson Johnson had form functional type of structure during its first operation. As the company went into globally and involved in complex products operation, Johnson Johnson formed a divisional organization structure for better control and coordination. The structure at Johnson Johnson consists of 180 separate operating units, including McNeil Consumer Products, makers of Tylenol; Ortho Pharmaceuticals, which makes Retin-A and birth control pills; and J J Consumer Product, the company that brings us Johnsons Baby Shampoo and Band Aids, each  division  is a separately chartered and Johnson Johnson Family Headquarters will oversees all the operations. This decentralized structure of organization allows the employees to develop themselve in the company. It is also helps in innovation which allows the employees use their skills and knowledge effectively to bring together different products and technologies to meet with the customer demands. A good strategy also will be constructed as a feedback to customer and market issues arose in each division. Usually, Johnson Johnson companies around the world are coordinated by local people in particular country because they can understand the needs in those market and utilize themselves in those market. 3.2 Marketing in Johnson Johnson Marketing department in Johnson Johnson plays a crucial role in not only promoting its products but also in maintaining its brand name. Johnson Johnson has emphazised four marketing mix as the following: Product Basically, Johnson Johnson has three main products categories including Pharmaticeutical, Medical Device Diagnostic, and Consumer Healthcare. Some of the products are Feminine hygiene, Denture care, First aid, Family planning, Nutritionals, Diabetes care, Allergy cold and flu treatment, and Womens Health. Price Johnson Johson attempt to keep their net price increases for healthcare products within the consumer price index in United Stated. Consequently, the company has cooperated with the goverment to develop differential pricing approach so that people are helped to access their medical products. Place Johnson Johnson product can be found in wholesale companies like Over the Counter Wholesale.com, WUZ Group, and ShopatHome.com. Its products can also be bought in retail outlet. Promotion Johnson Johnson has engaged in advertising campaigns which encourage healthy lifestyles. For example: The Campaign for Nursings Future, Having a Baby Changes Things, and Because We Care We Act (China). Marketing Process Johnson and Johnson seek in approaching new products innovation and sometimes whole new businesses. Their goal is to capitalize on scientific invention, marketing insight and manufacturing expertise easily across the full range their businesses. 3.3 Management and Human Resource policies and approaches in Johnson Johnson Human Resource Management plays a unique role in attracting workers and maintaining the employees in a well-manner in the company. Johnson Johnson has approximately 115 000 employees around the world. Healthy and mental well being employees have become its policies in the company. Johnson Johnson has offered flexible work arrangements over the years. Johnson Johnson believes that flexibility is important to attract many talented employees to work and being loyal with the company, so that it will benefited the company as well as the worker could balance their work and life. Flexible arrangements include flextime hours, telecommuting, remote work, occasional flexibility, a compressed work week, summer hours, and part-time work or job sharing. Johnson Johnson also believes that it is important for the company to be succeeded by attracting, developing, and retaining a base of employees that reflects the diversity of its customers. Furthermore, Johnson Johnson has implement its philosophy which is known as Credo as a guidance in its business. A Credo (appendix 2) is a set of values that have provided a strategic and moral scope for Johnson Johnson generation of leaders and employees. Johnson Johnson has also providing variety of programs for its employees such as Employee Assistant Program which designed to give employees access counseling, assessment, intervention and training. 3.4 IT and Information System in Johnson Johnson IT and information system helps in facilitating the operation of Johnson Johnson. The development of IT has brought the organization to operate more efficient and effective. Johnson Johnson was known for having registered many high profiles domain. Johnson Johnson has established Corporate Office of Science and Technology (COSAT) which enable people or innovators to share their ideas with the company, seeks out scientific breakthroughs and explore the technologies. The ideas then will be identified and the incorporation of those technologies will be facilitated into Johnson Johnson Family of Companies. 4. Conclusion After through the facts in this report, it can be seen that a good structure in organization is the fundamental to the well-operates of Johnson Johnson. The human resource management and marketing department also contribute to the success of the organization. It is look into how these departments manage their resources and their approaches to attain the organizational goals and objectives. Besides that, the utilization on the recent technology by the organization is the added value to enhance the operation and put the organization in the competitive position.

Frankenstein: Morality Essay

Morality. It has been questioned by people, honored by people and revered since the beginning of time. Yet even today not one person can say what is morally right. It is a matter of opinion. It was Dr. Victor Frankenstein’s opinion that it was alright to create a â€Å"monster†. Frankenstein’s creation needed a companion. Knowing that his first creation was evil should the doctor make a second? With the knowledge at hand, to Dr. Frankenstein, it is not at all morally correct to bring another monster into the world. Looking at this problem with his family in mind, the doctor begins his work on the second monster. The first monster threatened Frankenstein and even his family. The monster angrily said to Frankenstein, â€Å"I can make you so wretched. † (pg. 162) Trying to scare Frankenstein for not creating his mate the monster resorted to threats. If the good doctor does create a companion for his first creation he may be endangering others. â€Å"The miserable monster whom I had created,† (pg. 152) says Victor upon looking back at his work. If there is another monster there will be twice the power and possibly twice the evil, which could hurt or kill his family. When and if Frankenstein commits the moral sin of creating another monster he may be rid of both monsters forever. â€Å"With the companion you bestow I will quit the neighbourhood of man,†(pg 142) promises the morally corrupt monster to the doctor upon the completion of his partner. When the doctor, if and when he, finished his first creation’s mate there is a chance that the monsters will not keep their promise and stay in Europe envoking fear into townfolk. The good doctor, trying to act morally, destroys the monster for the good of the world. The monsters can potentially take over whatever they please. â€Å"A race of devils would be propegated,†(pg. 163) thinks Frankenstein to himself in his study. The monsters, if powerful enough, could possibly take over Europe. Frankenstein realizes that he can not possibly doom the world to benefit himself. â€Å"Shall I, in coold blood, set loose upon the earth a daemon.. â€Å"(pg. 162) argues Frankenstein with his creation. It is not morally right for one person to unleash such a terror on the world to benefit only himself and his family. Frankenstein will not let any example change his mind on the point that the monster is and will always be morally corupt. Continuing on his point that the monster was too evil to duplicate, Frankenstein says, â€Å"Your threats cannot move me to do an act of wickedness; but they confirm me in determination of not creating you a companion in vice. â€Å"( pg. 163) Frankenstein will not sacrifice his morallity because of persuation from a monster. Although beholding the threat of death and misery Frankenstein held his ground and did not sacrifice his moral. When and if Frankenstein creates another monster he can not feel as if he has done the morally right thing. From creating the monster Frankenstein will some how be making people other than himself unhappy. † I consent to your demand, on your solem oath to quite Europe forever, and every other place in the neighbourhood of man,†(pg. 143) says Frankenstein as he sees the power that the two could possibly possess. The good doctor sees that with his own hands he could possibly scar the world forever. The doctor wants, if anyone, himself to be unhappy instead of all of man kind. â€Å"Begone! I do break my promise,† (pg. 162) states the doctor angrily. Not thinking about himself but the world unselfishly breaks his promise to the monster. Possessing such a great mind the doctor is able to realize that a greater evil will be realesed upon the earth then upon himself. â€Å"Your threats cannot move me to do an act of wickedness,†(pg. 162) says the doctor as he argues his point with his creation. The doctor sees that a greater and more horrible result can come from him making the second monster than not. With the knowledge at hand, to Dr. Frankenstein, it is not at all morally correct to bring another monster into the world. On the one hand if the second monster was created Frankenstein’s family would be saved. By the same token the rest of the world could be forced to bow before two hideous monsters. The problem, making or not making the second monster, played heavily on Frankenstein’s mind, possibly caused his brief lapse into the realm of the insane. Even though Frankenstein began his work for the good of man his experiment ended up hurting himself and his family.

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 21

Damon and I remained in the cell for several minutes after the man left, too stunned to even contemplate escaping. The guards didn't come back in with the keys. I didn't blame them. I cursed, slamming the bars. It seemed that no matter what I decided to do, which way I turned, things got worse. And the Sutherlands†¦ they had just been innocent bystanders, swept up in the path of destruction just because they were at the wrong place at the wrong time. While my brother didn't actively cause their deaths, he was no less responsible. I turned on him, ready to tear him apart. And then I saw the look on his face. Damon's eyes had glazed over and he leaned against the wall for support. He'd worn the same dazed expression for weeks after he'd woken up as a vampire and discovered that Katherine was dead. â€Å"What was that?† he whispered, finally looking at me. But I had no idea what that was. All I knew was that it was more powerful, more dangerous, more deadly than any creature I'd ever encountered. Anger at my brother drained away and something like exhaustion set in. â€Å"I'm not sure, though I think he left me a message,† I said, remembering the bloody scrawl on the side of the Sutherlands' home. â€Å"But what was that about Katherine? What was he to her?† Damon shrugged. â€Å"I have no idea. She never told me about that†¦ thing.† â€Å"He said we took her from him. What the hell does that mean? What curse is he talking about? Did Emily cast a spell on someone?† I said. I began to pace, my mind racing. â€Å"I'm guessing it means he believes we killed her. Which you did, brother,† Damon said. In a pique, Damon sat down, stretched his legs out, and put his hands behind his head, pillowing it against the stone. I would get no more answers out of him. I slid down against the bars and buried my head in my hands, thinking of my time with Katherine. Had she ever said anything about her past? Let anything slip? But I had been so completely under her thrall that it was impossible to know what had been real and what she had compelled me to believe. Though I remembered biting her, I didn't have any memory of her feeding me her blood. But she must have often, as I had enough of her blood in my system to come back as a vampire after my father shot me. In a funny way, Katherine had made me. We were almost like her children. My mind snagged. â€Å"Did Katherine ever tell you about her sire?† I asked, putting words to a horrible thought forming in my mind. â€Å"The vampire who made her?† Damon looked up at me, shocked out of his sulk. â€Å"You think†¦ ?† I nodded. Damon leaned back and knocked his head against the wall. He had been genuinely in love with Katherine. I wondered if meeting Katherine's maker made our little tryst in Mystic Falls seem like a speck in the vastness of eternity. â€Å"I suppose we should call a guard over and compel him to free us,† he said tiredly. A sound of commotion from the lobby stopped us. There were muffled thuds, like bodies hitting the floor. There was a scream. It was high-pitched and hard to tell whether it came from a woman or a man, so great was the pain. Then came the grating sound of a desk being moved, and what might have been a wooden chair being shattered against the wall. I stood. So did Damon. Damon and I glanced at each other. The pocket watch Winfield had given me ticked loudly in the sudden silence. The door to the stockade opened once again and in came a girl wearing men's trousers and black suspenders, a long blond braid over her shoulder. â€Å"Lexi!† I gasped. â€Å"I'm growing tired of bailing you boys out,† she said as she shook the key at us. â€Å"I should leave you in there overnight, teach you a lesson about making trouble,† she joked. I reached through the bars to grab her free hand. â€Å"I've never been happier to see anyone.† â€Å"I don't doubt it,† Lexi said drily, but a small smile curved the edges of her lips. Damon rolled his eyes. â€Å"We were just about to free ourselves, thank you very much.† â€Å"I don't doubt that, either. Just figured I'd speed up the escape,† she said. Her nose twitched, and her flat tone indicated she didn't entirely approve of his existence. The last time she'd seen him, he'd just gotten through killing Callie and was starting in on me. â€Å"So did you knock out the entire precinct?† Damon asked, straightening the shoulders of his jacket. Lexi undid the final lock on the door. The door sprang open and I rushed to hug her. â€Å"No, only some of them. The rest I compelled. Some of us don't like needless violence – or messes that need to be explained later,† she said into my shoulder. I released her and she motioned us toward the door. â€Å"Now let's get out of here before anyone else shows up.† â€Å"I always cover my tracks,† Damon said defensively as we rushed through the door of the containment area and into the front offices. Several policemen sat at their desks, poring over ledgers, oblivious to the two prisoners escaping and the general state of disarray. Desks had been pushed aside, among the splintery remains of what had once been a chair, and the man who had sat there was lying on the floor, a rivulet of blood leaking from his head. But his eyes were open and he appeared to be whispering some word over and over again. â€Å"Strong-willed, that one,† Lexi said. â€Å"How were you able to find us?† I asked, following her down the stairs. â€Å"A mysterious Italian count with black hair and ice-blue eyes and a flair for the dramatic sweeps into the New York social scene and very quickly marries the most eligible society girl?† she said, rolling her eyes. â€Å"They ran your picture in the social pages.† Damon at least had the grace to look sheepish. â€Å"I always cover my tracks,† she mimicked. â€Å"There are a lot of ways to live rich and powerfully as a vampire†¦ none of which involve sweeping into the New York social scene†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦ and marrying the most eligible society girl. Fair enough,† Damon conceded. â€Å"At least I did it with style.† We exited the prison, and the cold evening air washed over me. The stars were just beginning to flicker in the night sky, and the gaslights cast a warm glow over the street. It was a beautiful night, the like of which Bridget, Lydia, Winfield, and Mrs. Sutherland would never enjoy again – all because of me, Damon, and Katherine. I only came to New York to escape. Escape Damon, memories of Callie, vampires, Mystic Falls, Katherine†¦ and yet it all still followed me like an onerous shadow. I knew then that I'd never escape my past, not fully. Such dark things don't fade with time – they merely reverberate through the centuries. I could only hope that Margaret was safe somewhere, away from the hell-beast that had violently murdered her entire family.

Australian Criminal Law System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2066 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Critical essay Tags: Justice Essay Did you like this example? Part 2: critical legal analysis: You must critically analyze and discuss the question. You must support each of your agreements with authority. If there is no case law to support your argument, you may use any academic or other literature or commentary that supports your argument. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Australian Criminal Law System" essay for you Create order Q4:The common law of Australia does not recognize that an accused on trial for a serious criminal offence has a right to the provision of counsel at public expense. Further, that as a matter of constitutional duty, the court cannot indefinitely adjourn a trial to force the provision of legal aid (Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292). Do you agree or disagree? Why? The defendant was a man named Olaf Dietrich who was arrested in Melbourne Airport with importing a lot of heroin. Dietrich was tried in the County Court of Victoria in 1988 for a trafficking offence under the Customs Act 1901 and certain less serious charges.[1] During the lengthy trial the accused had no legal representation.[2] Although he had applied to the Legal Aid Commission of Victoria for assistance, the commission rejected his request and said there was no public expense in court if you were an indigent accused. Finally, the judge made a decision that supported the defendant to have legal aid in order to making sure he got a fair trial. Dietrich v The Queen was an important case decided in the High Court of Australia in the year of 1992. It concerned the nature of the right to a fair trial, and under what circumstances indigent defendants should be provided with legal aid by the state. The case determined that although there is no absolute right for the accused to have public fund for the counsel in court by state, a judge should concern the request for an adjournment or stay when an accused has no representation. It is a significant case in criminal law as well as in constitutional law in Australia, since it is one of a number of cases which have found human rights in the Australian Constitution. The majority in the High Court decided that although there was no right at common law to have publicly provided legal representation, in some cases representation is appropriate to ensure a fair trial.[3] Although judges no longer have the power to appoint counsel for an accused, sin ce that function has been largely taken over by legal aid agencies, a trial judge should use their power to adjourn a case if it is in the interests of fairness that an accused have representation, which would encourage the legal aid agencies to provide counsel.[4] In my point of view, I do not agree with the first issue. I think though there is no provision of counsel at public expense, it is necessary for Australia common law to recognize a serious criminal offence having the right to gain a legal aid for the reason of a trial. Furthermore, though I am not for the first issue whereas I think the second issue is correct. It is reasonable for the court that not to indefinitely adjourns a trial to force the provision of legal aid. Since the defendant should have the right to gain legal aid at public expense though there is no provision for that in common law in Australia, some questions should be discussed at follows: (a) the right to a fair trial (b) Miscarriage of justice (c) the role for the international treaties in Australian common law. the right to a fair trial To receive a fair trial according to law for the defendant is not only a fundamental element of the common law but of criminal justice system as well.[5] The right is manifested in rules of law designed to regulate the trial.[6] Also, the jurisdiction of courts extends to a power to stay proceedings in order to avoid the criminal proceeding which will result in unfair trial.[7] The defendant claimed that the interest of justice require that an indigent accused who wishes to have legal representation should be paid at public expense because the central essence of the trial is to make sure the accused have the right to have his own counsel and the absence of representation for the defendant who cannot afford the legal representation means that the proceeding is unfair and the conviction should be quashed.[8] Since it is for a long time the legislation was enacted to provide that all accused will be permitted to be represented by counsel, that principle has been regarded as the basic prescript of the trial especially for the felony. Furthermore, the rule of the criminal system provides the securing justice for administration power to guarantee the fairness and particularly requires the contemporary values for Australia for reducing the possibility of the unfair proceedings especially for the felony charge. Australia legal system is a kind of adversary system which requires the justice of the criminals should be consistent with the fundamental virtue of the common law. That means that the judge in the court do not have more work but mainly rely on the lawyersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ intelligence which is unlike the inquisitorial system, it is the judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s duty to guide the proceeding in the court.[9] Thus to avoid the unfairness during the legal proceeding result from the unbalanced and in appropriate situation, I do think it may be a good thing for the trial judge to lend assistance to point the counsel for the accused.[10] Most of the accused do no t have the specific knowledge to support them during the court so that they need the professional lawyers for legal representing by using them sufficient and accurate intelligence. Although it is not inevitable for the want of counsel to lead the unfairness in the court,[11] it could increase the possibility to result in an unfair criminal trial.[12] Miscarriage of justice As we all know, the justice is include not only procedural justice but substantive justice as well though the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is hard to elaborate for a long time. Therefore, ensuring the justice process means a lot to the fair trial. It has been shown that in some cases the judges think the accused especially for the people with felony may be trialed unfairly if he failed to gain the defense counsel even though the judged were deemed to conduct in strict accordance with the law,[13] So it is vital for the accused to be represented by counsel in a proceeding of criminal trial.[14] If there is lack of legal representation, it will result in the proceedings for the accused to be dealt with not fairly and justly. It is in the best interests both of the accused and of the administration of justice that an accused be represented, especially when the he is under a serious charged offence.[15] At the commencement of the trial, the applicant had exhausted a ll avenues for legal assistance which means there was no other ways for him if the public expense were not provided. Due to the unsuccessful application for legal aid, no judicial attempt to list attributes of fair trial but every accused entitled to counsel. In this case, the failure of the trail judge to appoint counsel for the applicant was a miscarriage of justice and it is said that the Appeal Court usually determines miscarriage of justice. The importance of the international treaties in Australian law It is well established that unless a country incorporated the provision of an international treaty into its domestic law by statute, the provision will be in force in that country. Australia is a party to the international treaty named International Covenant on Civil and Political Right (the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ICCPRà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢), however, it has not been in force now because although the Executive made a ratification. It is the Parliament that has the right to make and alter the law, not the Executive. Since there is no provision related to the human right in Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s constitution, the right for legal representing seems not be included in the issue. Although we can find the evidence that in the ICCPR it contains that the indigent defendant can be represented by counsel at public expense,[16] no legislation in Australia has passed just the Executive signed it.[17] Although the ICCPR does not become a part of domestic law in Australia, the common law in Austr alia should follow the provision to the international treaty to develop a way which recognizes the existence and enforceability of rights and obligations regulated by the international instruments.[18] It is accepted that the fact that the convention has not been incorporated into Australian law does not mean that its ratification holds significance, the Australian law should regards the provision as a guidance to the common law and put something that in conformity but not in conflict with the established rules of international law. Besides, where the inherited common law is ambiguous and uncertain, Australian judges may look to an international treaty that Australia has ratified as an aid for explication.[19] In addition, the provisions of an international treaty to which Australia is a party that claims universal rights should used to help develop the common law system as well.[20] The court cannot indefinitely adjourn a trial to force the provision of legal aid. As the court do not control public purse strings, entitlement to legal aid dependent on government, not judiciary.[21] It means that the proceeding of trial is under the control of judicial power whereas the Executive is in charge of the public expense.[22] In fact, a trial judge will have discretion to stay or adjourn if the accused is too poor to afford the legal representation. It is noticeable that the judge should be in the favor of the accused under specific circumstances such as the lack of time or money shortage for him to have the counsel.[23] From my point of view, any decision made by the judges should conform the fundamental value of the common law, that is, justice and fair. Under such a circumstance, it is hard to say whether the trial judge should adjourn the proceeding or not for any decision he made would lead the case to unfairness. If the judge give the indefinitely stay in the court, it will bring the unfair trial. Therefore, the court cannot indefinitely adjour n a trial because it may occur to the executive government to provide the legal representation. To sum up, the judge should give the right to the accused due to the poverty in a reasonable time and never lead an indefinitely adjourn. Bibliography: Barton v The Queen (1980) 147 CLR 75 Blackstone, Williams and Sir, Commentaries, (N.Y. Banks Brothers, 1899) Bradley v Commonwealth (1973) 128 CLR 557 Bunning v Cross (1978) 141 CLR 554 Dietrich v The Queen, Australasian Legal Information Institute, 25 March 2009 Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292 International Covenant on Civil and Political Right, 16 December 1966, UNTS (entered into force 23 March 1976) Jago v District (1989) 168 CLR 23 Justice System in Western Australia, Consultation Drafts, 1992 Kinley, David, Human rights in Australian law: principles, practice and potential(Federation Press, 1998) Law Reform Commision of Western Australia, Review of the Criminal and Civil Paul, Ames, à ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã‹Å"Without Counsel: Dietrich v the Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1992) 4 (Bond Law Review, 235-241) Mclnnis v The Queen (1979) 143 CLR, 575 Powell v Alabama (1932) 287 US; Gideon v Wainwright (1963) 372 US R v Corak (1982) 30 SASR 409; Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292 Reg v Sang [1980] AC 402 The State (Healy) v Donoghue [1976] IR [1] Dietrich v The Queen, Australasian Legal Information Institute, 25 March 2009. [2] Kinley, David, Human rights in Australian law: principles, practice and potential. (Federation Press, 1st, 1998). [3] Paul Ames, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Without Counsel: Dietrich v the Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1992) 4 (Bond Law Review, 235-241) . [4] Ibid. [5] See, eg, Jago v District (1989) 168 CLR 23; Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292. [6] Bunning v Cross (1978) 141 CLR 554; Reg v Sang [1980] AC 402. [7] Barton v The Queen (1980) 147 CLR 75 at pp 95-96. [8] Dietrich v The Queen, (1992) 177 CLR 292. [9] Law Reform Commision of Western Australia, Review of the Criminal and Civil Justice System in Western Australia, Consultation Drafts, 1992. [10] See, generally, Powell v Alabama (1932) 287 US; Gideon v Wainwright (1963) 372 US; The State (Healy) v Donoghue [1976] IR. [11] See Barton v R (1980) 147 CLR 75. [12] Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292. [13] See R v Corak (1982) 30 SASR 409; Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292. [14] See, for example, Powell v Alabama (1932) 287 US 45. [15] Mclnnis v The Queen (1979) 143 CLR, 575 at 579. [16] International Covenant on Civil and Political Right, 16 December 1966, UNTS (entered into force 23 March 1976). [17] Bradley v Commonwealth (1973) 128 CLR 557. [18] Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292. [19] Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292. [20] Bradley v Commonwealth (1973) 128 CLR 557. [21] Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292. [22] Ibid. [23] Blackstone, Williams and Sir, Commentaries, (N.Y. Banks Brothers, 3rd ed, 1899) 49-50.